The Parthenon
is a former temple that was dedicated to the Greek goddess, Athena, who people
of Athens considered their patron. It is regarded as a symbol of Ancient
Greece, Athenian democracy and western civilization and one of the world’s
greatest cultural monuments.
Athena
is a Greek goddess of wisdom, courage, law and justice, strength and battle
strategy. She only fought for reasons and would not fight without a purpose.
She is portrayed as a shrewd companion of heroes and is a patron goddess of
heroic endeavor.
For
a time, it served as the treasury if the Delian League, which later became the
Athenian
Empire. Later in the final decade of the 6th century the
Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary.
The
Parthenon is a classic peripteral octastyle Doric temple with Ionic architectural
features. It stands on a platform or stylobate of three steps. It is quite to
the other Greek temples, it is a lintel construction and is surrounded by
columns carrying an entablature. There are eight columns at either end and seventeen
on the sides. There is a double row of columns at either end. The colonnade
surrounds an inner masonry structure, the cella, which is divided into two
compartments.
At either end of the building the gable is finished with a
triangular pediment originally filled with sculpture. The columns are of Doric
order, with simple capitals, fluted shafts and no basses. Above the architrave
of the entablature is a frieze of carved pictorial panel, separated by formal
architectural triglyphs, typical of the Doric order. Around the cella and
across the lintels of the inner element of the architecture is Ionic in style rather
than Doric.
To
build the Parthenon. Its massive foundations were made of limestone and the
columns were made of Pentelic marble. Pentelic marble is a material that was utilized
for the first time. It is flawless white with a uniform, faint yellow tint
which makes it shine with a golden hue under sunlight. This marble can be found
in Mount Pentelicus or Pentelikon which is located in Attica, Greece.